Abshirini, M., Coad, J., Wolber, F.M., von Hurst, P., Miller, M.R., Tian, H.S., et al. (2021). Green-lipped (greenshell™) mussel (Perna canaliculus) extract supplementation in treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Inflammopharmacology 29(4), 925-938. doi: 10.1007/s10787-021-00801-2.
Brien, S., Prescott, P., Bashir, N., Lewith, H., and Lewith, G. (2008). Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16(11), 1277-1288. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002.
Briggs, A.M., Cross, M.J., Hoy, D.G., Sanchez-Riera, L., Blyth, F.M., Woolf, A.D., et al. (2016). Musculoskeletal Health Conditions Represent a Global Threat to Healthy Aging: A Report for the 2015 World Health Organization World Report on Ageing and Health. Gerontologist 56 Suppl 2, S243-255. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw002.
Calder, P.C. (2017). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochem Soc Trans 45(5), 1105-1115. doi: 10.1042/BST20160474.
Cho, S.H., Jung, Y.B., Seong, S.C., Park, H.B., Byun, K.Y., Lee, D.C., et al. (2003). Clinical efficacy and safety of Lyprinol, a patented extract from New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna Canaliculus) in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: a multicenter 2-month clinical trial. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 35(6), 212-216.
Coulson, S., Palacios, T., and Vitetta, L. (2015). Perna canaliculus (Green-Lipped Mussel): Bioactive Components and Therapeutic Evaluation for Chronic Health Conditions. Prog Drug Res 70, 91-132. doi: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_3.
Doggrell, S.A. (2011). Lyprinol—Is It a Useful Anti-Inflammatory Agent? Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011, 307121. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep030.
Gibson, S.L.M., and Gibson, R.G. (1998). The treatment of arthritis with a lipid extract of Perna canaliculus: a randomized trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 6(3), 122-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(98)80003-4.
Kendall, R. (2000). Townsend letter for doctors & patients: the examiner of medical alternatives. New Res Clin Rep 204, 98-111.
Lomiwes, D., Barnes, M., Shaw, O., Ngametua, N., Sawyer, G., Burr, N., et al. (2023). The Efficacy of New Zealand Greenshell Mussel Powder Supplementation in Supporting Muscle Recovery Following Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Healthy, Untrained Adult Males. Nutrients 15(10). doi: 10.3390/nu15102316.
Paganini, C., Costantini, R., Superti-Furga, A., and Rossi, A. (2019). Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 286(15), 3008-3032. doi: 10.1111/febs.14984.
Smolen, J.S., Aletaha, D., Barton, A., Burmester, G.R., Emery, P., Firestein, G.S., et al. (2018). Rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 4(1), 18001. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.1.
Soares da Costa, D., Reis, R.L., and Pashkuleva, I. (2017). Sulfation of Glycosaminoglycans and Its Implications in Human Health and Disorders. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 19, 1-26. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044610.
Stebbings, S., Gray, A., Schneiders, A.G., and Sansom, A. (2017). A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel green-lipped mussel extract -BioLex® -for managing pain in moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. BMC Complement Altern Med 17(1), 416. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1907-9.
Ulbricht, C., Chao, W., Costa, D., Nguyen, Y., Seamon, E., and Weissner, W. (2009). An evidence-based systematic review of green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 6(1), 54-90. doi: 10.1080/19390210802690191.
Whitehouse, M.W., Macrides, T.A., Kalafatis, N., Betts, W.H., Haynes, D.R., and Broadbent, J. (1997). Anti-inflammatory activity of a lipid fraction (lyprinol) from the NZ green-lipped mussel. Inflammopharmacology 5(3), 237-246. doi: 10.1007/s10787-997-0002-0.
Wood, A.R., Apte, S., MacAvoy, E.S., and Gardner, J.P. (2007). A molecular phylogeny of the marine mussel genus Perna (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) based on nuclear (ITS1&2) and mitochondrial (COI) DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 44(2), 685-698. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.019.
Yang, S., Min, H.K., Park, J.S., Na, H.S., Cho, M.L., and Park, S.H. (2023). A green-lipped mussel prevents rheumatoid arthritis via regulation of inflammatory response and osteoclastogenesis. PLoS One 18(1), e0280601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280601.
Zhou, D., Zhang, H., Xue, X., Tao, Y., Wang, S., Ren, X., et al. (2021). Safety Evaluation of Natural Drugs in Chronic Skeletal Disorders: A Literature Review of Clinical Trials in the Past 20 years. Front Pharmacol 12, 801287. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.801287.